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水下鳐鱼Aqua_ray: “水下鳐鱼”是一种远程控制的水力驱动鱼，它的形状和运动都以鳐鱼为模板。 “水下鳐鱼”的中央驱动和控制单元采取了Festo公司特有的流体肌肉形式，并结合了射线效应——一种基于鱼鳍的功能解剖的设计。这使得模仿自然的鱼鳍推进近乎完美。由于“水下鳐鱼”能够任意移动，可以作为一水压滑翔机或者振翅驱动，节约了大量能源。“水下鳐鱼”的形状和运动的方式让它可广泛用于海洋学领域而不破坏自然环境。Aqua_ray is a remote-controlled fish driven by water hydraulics, the shape and movements of which have been based on the model of a manta ray.The central drive and control unit of Aqua_ray takes the form of a fluidic muscle from Festo, in combination with the Fin Ray Effect®. The Fin Ray Effect® is a design based on the functional anatomy of a fish’s fin. This makes it possible to imitate the fin propulsion of the natural role model almost perfectly. As the Aqua_ray can be manoeuvred extremely well, and can be operated both as a hydrostatic glider and with an active wing beat, substantial energy savings can be achieved. Thanks to its shape and its means of locomotion, the Aqua_ray can be used in wide ranging areas of oceanography without disrupting the natural environment.

2009/11/12
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气动手臂AirArm: 通过分析龙虾和蝗虫的腿以及人类手指的形态得到了气动手臂的灵感。它是一个带有外部骨架的两节式桥臂，由气动肌腱驱动。智能控制技术使气动手臂能赶上水滴的速度。气动手臂在技术上的意图是能够在指定半球状运行范围内延伸到尽可能多的区域。选择一般技术实践的常规原理，使带气动肌腱的两节式伸缩系统同时反向运行。 AirArm is biologically inspired by analyses of lobsters’ and grasshoppers’ legs and by human pointing gestures. It is a two-segmented arm with an external skeleton powered by pneumatic muscles. Intelligent control technology enables AirArm to catch drops of water. The technical purpose of AirArm is to reach as many points as possible within a hemispherical operating range defined from a specified point in space. A two-segmented flexing system with muscles operating together in contrary motion was chosen as the general principle for technical realisation.

2009/11/9
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空中水母AirJelly: 空中水母的环境是空气。与水下水母不同，远程控制的水母——空中水母不是在水中游，而是在广阔的空中滑翔，因为它有一个中央电机装置和一个智能听候指令的体系。它能够这样是因为它有一个充满氦气的球形网。空中水母仅有的动力来源就是连接中央电动驱动器的两个锂离子电池。中央驱动器把动力传输到一个锥齿轮上，然后再传给八个连续的直齿轮，直齿轮通过曲柄带动水母上的八个“触角”。每个“触角”都设计成鱼鳍鳍条结构。把蠕动当做这个球形网的动力到目前为止在空军史上还是空白。空中水母是第一个以蠕动为驱动力的室内飞行物体。这种新型的驱动理念基于反弹原理的助推力，让水母轻轻地在空中穿行。 AirJellys environment is the air. Unlike AquaJelly, the remote-controlled jellyfish AirJelly does not swim through water, but instead glides instead through a sea of air thanks to its central electric drive unit and an intelligent, adaptive mechanism. It is able to do so because it consists of a helium-filled ballonett. AirJellys sole source of power is two lithium-ion polymer batteries connected to the central electric drive unit. It transmits the force to a bevel gear and from there to a succession of eight spur gears, which move the eight tentacles of the jellyfish via cranks. Each tentacle is designed as a structure with Fin Ray Effect . Propulsion of a ballonett by means of peristaltic motion is hitherto unknown in the history of aviation. AirJelly is the first indoor flight object with peristaltic drive. This new drive concept, with propulsion based on the principle of recoil, moves the jellyfish gently through the air.

2009/11/6
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立体鼹鼠机—吸引人的可编程机器人系统: 立体鼹鼠机在不久的将来会在技术培训中发挥重要的作用。这些备有电脑芯片的立方体可以紧密接连接在一起。鼹鼠机之间可以相互沟通交流。能量和信号从一个立体鼹鼠机传递给下一个，这样也保证了能量的供应以及信号的传递。年轻人可以用这种机器给自己制造的机器人编程。Molecubes – an attractive programmable robotics system Molecubes could play a significant role in technical training in the near future. These cubes, fitted with computer chips, can be successively attached to each other. Each Molecube communicates with all the other cubes; the energy supply and transmission of signals from one Molecube to the next are thereby ensured. Young people can use the Molecubes to build and program their own robots.

2009/10/31
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[第16讲]音频接口: 所谓在 Windwos 环境下，大部分的多媒体文件都依循着一种结构来存放信息,这种结构称为“资源互换文件格式”( resources interchange file format , 简称 RIFF)。例如声音的 WAV 文件、视频的 AVI 文件等等均是由此结构衍生出来的。RIFF 可以看作是一种树状结构,其基本构成单位为 chunk ，犹如树状结构中的节点，每个 chunk 由“辨别码”、“数据大小”及“数据”所组成。辨别码由4 个ASCII码所构成，数据大小则标示出紧跟其后数据的长度(单位为Byte),而数据大小本身也用掉 4 个 Byte，所以事实上一个chunk 的长度为数据大小加 8。

2009/10/28
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空中企鹅AirPenguin_Festo仿生技术: airPenguin –空中企鹅——自动飞翔的机器企鹅. 随着空中企鹅的问世， Festo公司的工程师们创造了人造企鹅，并教会他们“在空中自主飞行”。为此，控制和调节技术进一步发展成自我调节生物机电一体化系统，该系统可以在今后的生产适应性发挥作用。一组3只自动飞行的企鹅自由盘旋在空中超声发射站监控下的固定区域。企鹅能够自由的在这个空间内移动，因为一个微控制器赋予了他们自由的意志来以开拓这片空间。 autonomously flying robotic penguins With the AirPenguins, the engineers from Festo have created artificial penguins and have taught them "autonomous flight in the sea of air". For this purpose, control and regulating technology had to be further developed into self-regulating biomechatronic systems, which could also play a future role in adaptive production. A group of three autonomously flying penguins hovers freely through a defined air space that is monitored by ultrasound transmission stations. The penguins are at liberty to move within this space; a microcontroller gives them free will in order to explore it.

2009/10/23
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水下企鹅AquaPenguins_Festo仿生技术: 水下企鹅- 技术-水下自动运载工具AquaPenguins - technology-bearers as autonomous underwater vehicle.与它自然界的原型一样，来自费斯托（Festo）公司的水下企鹅具有一个带水动力的身体轮廓。其优雅的推进力以及其可向各个方向移动的机翼头部和尾部，让机器人企鹅可以在狭窄的空间条件下自由穿行，并且在必要时及时出现甚至可以向后游——这一点可不像它们的自然界的原型。仿生企鹅设计成水下自动运载工具，可以自由定位并且可在水池中穿行。这种工具有一个3D的海豚音声纳系统，使得“企鹅”可以与周围的伙伴们交流，比如避免互相碰撞。Like its natural archetype, the AquaPenguin from Festo has a hydrodynamic body contour. Its elegant wing propulsion and its head and tail sections, which can be moved in all directions, allow the robotic penguins to manoeuvre in cramped spatial conditions, to turn on the spot when necessary and – unlike their biological counterparts – even to swim backwards. The bionic Penguins are designed as autonomous underwater vehicles that independently orient themselves and navigate through the water basin. They are supported by a 3D sonar system which, as with dolphins, allows communication with their surroundings and with other robotic penguins – for example to avoid collisions.

2009/10/22
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程序比较----Step by Step 学习Step 7 三十(故障排除7): 在一个自动化项目的整个生命周期里，CPU中的程序经常会改动。因此如果PC中的程序改动没有记录并保存的话，就会和CPU中的程序不一致。STEP 7 提供了一种功能，可以对PLC和PC中的程序进行比较。这种比较工具也可以用来比较两个离线程序。

2009/9/24
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修改/强制变量----Step by Step 学习Step 7 廿七(故障排除4)

修改/强制变量----Step by Step 学习Step 7 廿七(故障排除4): 有时候需要越过逻辑代码去控制一些变量和 I/O。修改变量意味着您可以控制变量，并且能选择是否可以让程序影响他们。强制则意味您将控制变量且令他们不受程序的影响。

2009/9/24
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分配PROFIBUS DP设备地址----Step by Step 学习Step 7 十四

分配PROFIBUS DP设备地址----Step by Step 学习Step 7 十四: 所有在PROFIBUS DP网络上的设备和从站都要求有一个唯一的地址。这就类似于街上的邮筒，在邮政网络中每一个邮筒都以街道名称作为它的标识。通过分配从站地址，CPU主站可以辨识出本地连接，数据接收和传送就在本地连接中进行。

2009/9/24
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